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sources:
- BRICE, William: An Historical Atlas of Islam, Leiden 1981
- KENNEDY, Hugh: An Historical Atlas of Islam, Leiden 2002
- CARPENTER, Rhys: A Trans-Saharan Route in Herodotus, in: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 60, No. 3 (Jul., 1956) pp. 231-242
- BRETT, Michael: Ifriqiya as a Market for Saharan Trade from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century, in: The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 3. (1969), pp. 347-364
- MARTIN, B. G.: Kandem, Bornu, and the Fezzan: Notes on the Political History of a Trade Route, in: The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 1. (1969), pp. 15-27
- H.R.H. Prince Sixte of Bourbon: Great Routes of the Sahara, Past and Future, in: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2. (1933), pp. 97-105.
- McDOUGALL, E. Ann: The View from Awdaghoust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eight to the Fifteenth Century, in: The Journal of African History, Vol. 26, No. 1. (1985), pp. 1-31
- McDOUGALL, E. Ann: Salts of the Western Sahara: Myths, Mysteries, and Historical Significance, in: The International Journal of African Historical studies, Vol. 23, No. 2. (1990), pp. 231-257
- McINTOSH, Roderick J.; McINTOSH, Susan Keech: The Inland Niger Delta before the Empire of Mali: Evidence from Jenne-Jeno in: The Journal of African History, Vol. 22, No. 1. (1981), pp. 1-22
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